Managing Oil Price Risk with Derivatives Coursework

Managing Oil Price Risk with Derivatives - Coursework Example VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS 44 Bibliography 46 FIGURES Figure Page 1.0 World Oil Consumption by Region, 1970-2020 13 2.0 Increments in Oil Consumption by Region, 1970-2020 14 3.0 OPEC Oil Production 1973-2007 15 ABBREVIATIONS CFTC Commodities Futures Trading Commission GAO United States Government Accountability Office IEA International Energy Agency ICE International Exchange NYMEX New York Mercantile Exchange OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries OTC Over-the-Counter WTO World Trade Organization Section I: INTORDUCTION In the 21st century, oil prices are once again exhibiting an increased trend towards volatility since the last noticeable price hikes in the 70s and the 80s. There is no denying the fact that oil prices tend to be more volatile then any other commodity and thus could have a considerable impact on the economy of a nation. Therefore the developed and the developing countries are desperately...It is difficult to say whether this volatility will continue through 2009 or the things will revert back to the placid levels of 1986-2003 periods. The governments and financial institutions around the world are trying hard to come out with the instruments and the devices to control the risks imposed by the oil price volatility in the contemporary scenario. In that context, derivates could play a pivotal role in insulating the economies against oil price fluctuations. This paper intends to elaborate on how the oil price risks can be managed with derivatives. In the 21st century, oil prices are once again exhibiting an increased trend towards volatility since the last noticeable price hikes in the 70s and the 80s. There is no denying the fact that oil prices tend to be more volatile then any other commodity and thus could have a considerable impact on the economy of a nation. Therefore the developed and the developing countries are desperately resorting to all the strategies at their disposal, be it the price smoothing schemes, encouraging diversification, price control or fuel tax manipulations to tame the volatile oil prices (Bacon & Kojimi 2008).

Bill of Rights Essay Example for Free

Bill of Rights Essay The English Bill of Rights was a document that set clear limits on what a ruler could and could not do. It consisted of many rules and regulations that are, today, very useful. For example, one rule that applies to the laws in America today is â€Å"The people have a right to petition the government and to have a fair and speedy trial by a jury and their peers.† This rule applies to the government today because in the constitution that we have it currently states, in the Sixth Amendment, that all persons accused of criminal wrongdoing has the right to a speedy trial. Also, another important rule that is still used today is â€Å"The people should not be subject to cruel and unusual punishment or to excessive fines and bail.† This law is the eighth amendment in the United States constitution. The United States amendment states, â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.† The punishments that were considered cruel, at the time, that put this law into place was burning at the stake, crucifixion, or breaking of the wheel. Interesting enough, the United States supreme court held the use of excessive physical force against a prisoner may constitute cruel and unusual punishment even if the prisoner didn’t suffer any severe injuries. These laws and regulations were not only so important in present life, but also in colonial North America. A major cause of the American Revolution, in fact, was that the colonist felt they were being deprived of these rights. If it wasn’t for these rules being set into place during this time period, laws and life in America could’ve been very different and would have changed the way life is today.

Dress Code Dilemma :: School Education Clothing Essays

Dress Code Dilemma Dear Dr. Pettigrew, Imagine this situation: I walk into my third period class and my teacher says to me, â€Å"Joell I think your skirt is too short. You need to get it checked by the office.† I do not understand why my first or second period teacher said nothing to me about my skirt. However, I go to the office, and wait for the principal or vice principal to measure my skirt. Forty-five minutes pass and it is time for my fourth period class. Finally, the principal steps out of her office and measures my skirt. According to the dress code, a skirt has to be four and a half inches above the knees, but mine is five inches. I now have two options: 1) I could put on my gym clothes that I have worn in gym class all week or 2) I could sit in the in-school suspension room, missing more classes until one of my parents can bring me a change of clothes. If I choose not to put on my dirty gym clothes and both of my parents are not able to bring me a change of clothes, then I am forced to sit in the in-school suspension room for the rest of the day. In this situation, I chose to have my mother bring me a change of clothes. When she arrived twenty minutes later, she was furious and demanded to speak with the principal. She wanted to know why her daughter had to miss three classes. This experience examines a policy I struggled with while attending Mars High School. There is a great deal of confusion about what is considered legal or illegal according to the dress code. Students’ getting cheated out of class time is the detrimental result of this confusion. Now that I have graduated, I want to express my concern because my younger cousin is going to be a freshman next year and I do not want her to face the same hassles. I feel our administration places too much emphasis on the specifics of the dress code and forces students to miss important education.

Bitstream Human Resource Management Essay

This case study is related with the selection process- the process of selection is about choosing the right people for the right job. In this case we assume that we have already chosen interview as an appropriate instrument to measure candidate’s performance in selection criteria. Our task will be to prepare right questions for the candidates that let us predict the most adequate candidate for the job. Bitstream is a software company that has identified an opportunity to develop and market a new product. The company develops digitalized type fonts for display type font for display screens and technology. Their revenues come from retail sales and OEM sales. Jim Sole, the brand new president was hired in 1992 to substitute the former president, the founder of the company. Jim was a very successful professional and had much great experience in this area. Jim found the organization needing some changes, like a reorganization of the structure, a clear clarification of the short/term goals and a need to enhance the teamwork within the company. These problems would be solved with reorganization of the bonus plan they have, and to delegate decisions to the employees, to make them have the need to have responsibilities and decision making power. This company had grown at a rate of 25% and had a forecast of future growth at 15%. The regular growth, plus a 15% nominal turnover in the company shows that almost 40% of people from one year to another are new. They come up with the idea of developing a network print manager, related to the work they do in the printing environment. This new product would handle printing times, printing queues or even different specifications of the work to be printed. It requires already market-existing technology but also innovation made by the company. There is a new project in the hand of the company and is a great eager to the appearance of this product in this market, and is known that there is a market segment to this product easily identifiable. To complete this task correctly, Jim Sole started looking for the right person to fill the gap of the new project manager. He talked with his friend Peter Dromeshauser, an executive recruiter (â€Å"Head Hunter) and gave him some indications concerning the job. Peter then come up with 4 names that we are going to analyze in the following. CRITERIA FOR FILLING THE POSITION: There are some aspects of selection criteria like checking the individual’s personality cross match with the requirement so for this Jim Sole can do following things. Conduct a test for job with required specifications Job requirement can be objectively evaluated in matrix/tabulated formed and personalities of each individual could be assessed based on test interview and questionnaires. Primary task would then confine to select the test for candidate. This test should be planned with industrial psychologist and may contain test interview or test questionnaire. Requirement for job has been 1. Candidate should be able to imbibe the culture of organization and in BITSTREAM there was problem that due to talented employee it became a political place and sometime became difficult to align them to organization goals. 2. Since it is mentioned in case that for sales and marketing jobs it had been a hard task to verify their qualities to handle the organization with new plans and achieve set target for sales. 3. Before going to further selection procedure Jim can reject individuals by having evaluated some preliminary criteria. E.g. Salary expected after negotiation, would they like to work with emerging companies. 4. Jim can formulate a questionnaire specifically evaluating the requirement  of job; he wanted to be in employee. This includes better decision maker, better understanding of existing network, aggressive in strategies etc. 5. Content of questionnaire and test interview should be to evaluate how individual will react to particular situation, analytical questions related to human relationship management, related to target achievement in sales, new product launch. This would help to assess their individual qualification and experience with respect to their requirement much better. To ensure that the interview will be valid we first review job specification and develop â€Å"checklist† with relevant criteria for the job. According to the CVs we have received we can then register our assessment relative to each of the important job dimensions. Trough the reading of this case, we are given a series of indications that show the key criteria to fill the position. Therefore, we found pertinent main points to characterize the four candidates, and gave a scale in terms of importance to them, to have a general overview of their qualities and fitting to the job. * Relation with Novel *Entrepreneurial skill (flexibility, intellectual curiosity, risk taking) * Experience in new Launch * VAR Experience * Networking Experience *Salary *Team work * Relation with Novel Criteria: SALARY- Encompasses a simple yes or no answer. It is acknowledged that Bitstream offers up to $120,000 in wages. This includes $80,000 in salary, $40,000 for bonus potential plus stock options from the company. This is perceived as the highest bid to offer to candidates since it was seen adequate to the market reality. Additionally, a higher offer could disrupt the salary structure of the firm. ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILL- Within this terminology we consolidated 3 major characteristics that the company looks for: Intellectual curiosity, flexibility and risk taking. This means that we look for a person who is open minded and willing to learn, who responds well to any given environmental change while regarding risk as a challenge. TEAMWORK- Is the ability to work with other people in order to achieve a common goal. This means that it is necessary to partially sacrifice personal ambition and goals. DECISION MAKING- Regarded to be one of the most important attributes in business management, especially in small organizations. It is the ability to â€Å"make the call† and it requires a lot of self confidence, knowledge and courage. EXPERIENCE IN NEW LAUNCH- This job will require someone who has experience in the distribution channel. The product needs to be in the right time at the right place. A good Communication channel is also necessary since we will be introducing a new product with a new set of characteristics where advertising and promotion play an important role, therefore making marketing knowledge a valuable tool. VAR AND NETWORK CHANNELS- VAR (value added retail) and Network channels are important since it is the working tool. VAR will be the active channel that the company is going to use, while network channel is the background of the companies activity Those grades presented in front of the topics are the top punctuation the candidates can have and give a rate of importance we have given to them. Mr. Mitchell was discarded by us because of the need of a higher salary, which could be a problematic issue with other employees and create a bad environment. Although he has a very impressive CV and many good managerial, social and entrepreneurial characteristics the salary issue is related with the well-being of the company, and therefore it is of our opinion he must be discarded. Adding, he might be the older of the four candidates (according to the year of finishing degree), and as he is working in a big company, he might not have the experience of small company relations and procedures, a point Jim referred would be important.

Reconstruction of signals for data length of the ultrasonic signals

Introduction:Since really early from 1960s, signal Restoration remained as one of the most popular and ambitious jobs for supersonic proving techniques in signal analysis. A figure of techniques have been developed since that clip, opposite and pseudo opposite filtering, rental squares methods, maximal information etc. However from the positions of assorted writers in all mentions in this thesis we can non stipulate that one method can be used to bring forth a high declaration in existent or practical applications. The ground of failure for existent universe applications of the signal Restoration is connected to the ill-posedness of the job. Ill-posedness can be defined as figure of independent grades of freedom of the deformed signal is by and large than that of the original signal [ 17 ] . Distortion is caused due to the noise and other effects ensuing in end product with some spectral constituents or uncomplete information. Therefore Restoration by necessity requires the usage of extra information about the original signal that is non present in the deformed signal ( end product signal ) . To reconstruct the signal every bit near as possible to the original signal is taken from a Priori cognition or from somewhere else. Deconvoltuion or decryption of the signals such as image, address, ultrasound signal received must be a replicate of the original signal sent signifier the transmittal terminal to analyze the concealed information in the signals from the surfaces under trial. To analyze the signal or information we need to deconvolve the signal or decrypt the informations. Assorted techniques are available in digital signal processing as described in the earlier chapters to deconvolve the signals. Deconvolution has shown promised consequences in signal analysis. There are different devonvolution methods in assorted signal spheres as classified in the chapter-2. Recorded Signals suffer from deformation map to bring forth the original signal. The chief ground for deformation is linear noise every bit good as the other internal and external effects. The pertinence of the proposed Wiener and Blind devonvolution based signal analysis techniques presented in the above two chapters are applied to the fake s tationary and non-stationary, existent clip signals. Our aim is to retrace the signals for informations length of the supersonic signals, Signal to resound ratio and the deformation maps. We think it will be better to advert that the signal analysis is carried out for fake and existent signal. When a existent signal is restored we do non hold an original signal. So in order to compare out our algorithms public presentation simulated signals are really helpful. It is really hard to supply a valid definition for comparing of existent signals in supersonic testing. In general the Ultrasonic Non Destructive Evaluation ( NDE ) is used for defect sensing and localisation in construction under trial. The recorded supersonic signal characterizes construction, defect or cleft, and material surface. These contemplations are called reverberations classified as, mistake reverberation, back-wall reverberation and the noise ( grain ) . The backscattered reverberations present valuable information pertaining to the features of stuffs. Most of the supersonic applications i.e. subsample clip hold appraisal, deepness profiling, thickness measuring of thin beds rely on high declaration Deconvoltuion.Consequences and treatments:In this chapter we focus on public presentation of the Wiener, Blind and some other deconvolution techniques from the MATLAB tool chest for different parametric quantities such as, The signal Restoration is carried for existent with different lengths ( sample N = 256, 512, 1024 ) .Signal-to-Noise Ratio is calculatedMinimal Mean Square is estimated comparing the obtained coefficient of reflection map ( particularly simulated signals ) . Ocular comparing ( proving ) utilizing the estimated signal with the original signal. Deconvolution operation is performed on fake stationary and non-stationary signals and every bit good as the existent signals. We need to cognize about the deformation maps. Here we present the signals and Impulse response maps. we have simulated a stationary and non-stationary signals. the analysis is carried out utilizing the consequences of the existent signals and fake signal. We have two signals recorded from 50MHz and 230MHz transducers. We present the signals, Signals recorded in supersonic non-destructive rating from the surfaces under survey are distorted by features of noise arising from internal and external beginnings, and extension waies. The two of import features restricting the public presentation of the Wiener deconvoluion are Attenuation of noise in the supersonic signal, and Band bound. Since the frequence bandwidth of the original signal is by and large narrow, frequencies beyond this limited part in impulse response lend a small in signal Reconstruction. Wiener filter is called Minimal mean square ( MMSE ) calculator. It is sensitive to the power spectrum of the original surface. In this the reconstructed coefficient of reflection map differs in frequence features. It is proved that wiener deconvolution when suitably applied can supply effectual consequences even under unfavorable conditions [ 84 ] . In this we present a solution for signal Reconstruction utilizing wiener filter theory. The public presentation and the analysi s of the consequences are chiefly affected by noise. NOISE LIMITS THE AMPLITUDE OF THE REFLECTIVITY FUNCTION, as per the consequences shown below. Due to signal to resound ratio in the denominator Wiener filter underestimates the amplitude as shown in equation ( 5.1 ) . High declaration signal Restoration can be achieved by big SNR betterment without deformation. Ten ^ ( ? ) =G ( ? ) Yttrium ( ? ) = [ ( H^* ( ? ) ) / ( |H ( ? ) |^2+ ( S_v ( ? ) ) / ( S_x ( ? ) ) ) ] Y ( ? ) — — — ( 5.1 ) Where, G ( ? ) = Wiener filtering S_v ( ? ) and S_x ( ? ) are power spectra of noise and original signal. Noise can be reduced different signal processing methods, as discussed above to cut down the electrical noise, even after averaging if the SNR is deficient filtering is required, the lower the SNR, the restored map becomes undependable. High declaration or acceptable consequences can by taking a moderate SNR. Reliable coefficient of reflection map can obtained for a moderate SNR. The consequences presented below are at different SNR values such as eternity, 20db, 40db. Fake Stationary signal: Signal Sigma noise coefficient Gamma Thresholding SNR dubnium Mistake MSE Simulated_stationary_1 0 100 Infinity 1.0982e-005 Simulated_stationary_2 0.1 100 20.9315 0.4214 Simulated_stationary_3 0.01 100 30.5329 0.1387 Simulated_stationary_4 0.001 100 40.7859 0.0117 Fake non-Stationary signal: Parameters for fake non-stationary signal: Signal Sigma noise coefficient Gamma Thresholding SNR dubnium Mistake MSE Simulated_stationary_1 0 100 Eternity 0.3320 Simulated_stationary_2 0.1 0.3 3.443 0.4214 Simulated_stationary_3 0.01 0.98484 13.0852 0.5831 Simulated_stationary_4 0.001 100 23.2153 0.3368 To back up the account on the effects of noise to retrace the coefficient of reflection map in above few pages is presented utilizing consequences from the fake signals. The consequences tabulated in tabular arraies ( table 5.1 and table 5.2 ) show that SNR limits the signal Reconstruction. Better public presentation can be obtained by bettering the signal-to-noise ratio. One of the many methods to better the signal to resound ratio is to extinguish the background noise utilizing the thresholding procedure. One of the methods is threshold method in reverse filter explained in chapter -3. The lower the SNR, the larger the variableness of estimated spectra and hence the more undependable the computed maps and restored signal. The application of Wiener filtering is utile merely if the SNR is moderate for the of import signal frequence constituents. Data provided in the tabular array ( ) support that the SNR value limits the amplitude of the coefficient of reflection map. In the undermen tioned subdivision we restore the coefficient of reflection map for the existent signals. The job is we do non hold the original signal to prove the public presentation. It is apparent that the signal constituents obtained by Wiener filtrating are utile when restored with MODERATE SNR value. So we assume signal restored with moderate SNR value contain utile information for the signal analysis under Wiener filtering. Signal Restoration for Real Signal recorded utilizing 50MHz ( 1:1024 ) : Signal Sigma noise coefficient Gamma Thresholding SNR Doctor of Divinity Our purpose is to reconstruct the first from each pulsations of signal as shown in the figure ( 5.9 ) . Now we deconvolve the signal for three different length where N = 256, 512 and 1024. Thus the lengths of the sequences will the consequence the Restoration of the signal. The Restoration is performed utilizing different deformation map or impulses responses. The sequence selected 1:212, The sequence is selected from 1:540, Next we will show by changing the noise coefficient sigma for the above set of sequences and the values are tabulated, Signal Sigma Gamma Thresholding SNR Doctor of Divinity From the tabular array, the first and 2nd rows correspond to the signals with the sequences ( 1:212 & A ; & amp ; 1:540 ) with the parametric quantities such as the noise coefficient sigma =0, when we compare the figure-5.11 with figure- 5.13 and figure- 5.12 with figure- 5.14 the coefficient of reflection is much more better than the other the 1. The figures 5.13 and 5.14 are the signals with added noise ensuing in a moderate SRN value. As discussed in the above subdivision to obtain a high declaration end product we need to seek for a good or moderate SNR and every bit good as the Thresholding value it minimizes the background noise and therefore ensuing in a better coefficient of reflection map. Harmonizing to the belongingss of supersonic signal, the incursion or the traveling is limited harmonizing to the frequence of the signal. The lower the frequence of the transducer more the ultrasound signal can inspect the construction under trial. Due to this restriction, we have a job even when entering the signals. In this above subdivision we presented the Deconvolution operation on the 50MHz signal, here we produce some consequences obtained utilizing 230MHz, for different sample lengths e.g. 1024, 256 and 512. Some of the signals and urges responses are as shown, Simulation-1: existent signal A * impulse response-A ( 20:900 ) : Simulation 2:Blind Signal deconvolution:In this subdivision we use the blinddeconvolution availabel in matlab signal processing tool chest. We use deconvblind to reconstruct the coefficient of reflection map. For above mentioned signal in Figure- 5b. Coefficient of reflection maps are restored for the signals recorded usinf 50MHz and 230MHz utilizing the impulse response. Simulation 1: Simulation 2: The consequences are produced utilizing iterative process. Appraisal of the parametric quantities is implimented utilizing Maximal Likelihood method. We foremost estimate the coefficient of reflection map x ^ ( T ) which is given in timedomain as, ten ^ ( T ) = ? Y ( T ) The iterative theoretical account in frequence sphere is given as, Ten ^_0 ( ? ) = ? Y ( ? ) Ten ^_ ( k+1 ) ( ? ) = X ^_k ( ? ) + ? Y ( ? ) – Ten ^_k ( ? ) H ( ? ) The chief advantage of the iterative filter iterative process is that it can be stopped after a finite figure of loops. Using this method high declaration end product can be obtained because this method is less sensitive to the noise.Decision:In the field of supersonic Non Destructive Evaluation ( NDE ) , the Restoration of signal is the chief job. Therefore, in this thesis the classical and the conventional deconvolution methods are studied and implemented to reconstruct the coefficient of reflection map of the sparse signals. One of the of import factors is execution of these two methods to reconstruct thin signals. Though there are some advanced techniques already in usage, such as – ripple, thin deconvolution and fiting chase. Here, we have used Wiener and Blind deconvolution techniques to reconstruct the coefficient of reflection map from the sparse signals. These methods are chosen with regard to the handiness of the clip and cognition I have sing the topic. The motive b ehind taking this subject as a portion of my MSc thesis is to better my bing cognition on the digital signal processing techniques and its applications in Ultrasonic Non-destructive rating methods. We think it will be better to advert about the background I have on the Deconvolution technique before get downing this undertaking. The lone thing I know is that deconvolution is the reverse operation of whirl. Deconvolution is known as opposite job. Performance of the coefficient of reflection map depends on the word picture or appraisal of the deformation map or Point Spread Function ( PSF ) . We restored coefficient of reflection map utilizing a non-blind deconvolution and a unsighted deconvolution technique. Non blind deconvolution can be advantageous, since it admits a closed signifier solution via Wiener Filtering. Additionally, in the instance of non blind deconvolution, it is easy to integrate diverse statistical priors on the surface coefficient of reflection map under trial. Once the PSF is known it is no longer important to reconstruct the coefficient of reflection map. The non blind deconvolution should be considered as an of import boosting phase supplementing the opposite filtrating [ 68 ] . Two related steps of public presentation will be used to assist over the quality of Restorations: the mean square mistake and the betterment on signal/noise ratio ratio. Even though MSE is non a dependable calculator of the subjective quality of a restored signal it will be used to give some indicant of the public presentation of the method. Performance of the algorithms is similar to that for noise less conditions. The consequences obtained for different Signal-to-Noise ratios are tabulated in ( 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 ) . It is apparent from the tabular arraies that wiener filtrating conserves most of the information associated with the signals at parts of high signal to resound ratio in the frequence sphere. Wiener deconvolution produces high declaration coefficient of reflection map for stationary signals. The public presentation of the proposed Wiener deconvolution is investigated on the fake stationary and every bit good as the non-stationary signals. Using wiener deconvolution to a computing machine generated signal is summarized. In the above figure ( 1 ) shows the convolved signal Y ( T ) ( 2 ) is the impulse response ( 3 ) coefficient of reflection map ( 4 ) Reconstruction of the coefficient of reflection map. The coefficient of reflection map is reconstructed for different SNR = inifinty, 20dB, 40dB. The figures 5.1-5.4 represent the coefficient of reflection maps with diminishing MSE with increasing SNR. Wiener filter method has satisfactory public presentation at comparatively high SNR values. At low SNR values wiener filter method public presentation is badly affected by noise.Future work:Harmonizing to the increased broad scope of applications based on deconvolution of supersonic signals, wiener deconvolution and blind deconvolution are studied and implemented in this thesis. Wiener filtering is called Minimal Mean Square calculator. This job has a broad assortment of applications in digital signal processing like geophysical modeling, supersonic analysis or bio-medical technology. Wiener Filtering is sensitive to the noise. Implementing Wiener filtrating suitably can bring forth appropriate consequences even under unfavorable conditions. In existent universe applications it is hard to gauge parametric quantities or conditions suitably. Signal analysis is carried out utilizing sweetening of Signal-to-Noise ratio and gauging the Minimum Mean Square mistake. Signal to resound ratio is enhanced by extinguishing the background noise or deformations added to the signal recorded from Ultrasonic Non destructive rating. The Minimal average square mistake is decreased by bettering the SNR value. Another classical method implemented in this thesis is Blind deconvolution. Signal Restoration appears in many Fieldss. These Fieldss have different purposes for signal Restoration, but certain basicss are common to all signal Restoration. As explained earlier signal debasement is due to two grounds ( a ) Noise, and ( B ) Distortions. The cardinal hurdle in signal Restoration is lack of information. In some instances it is non possible to hold cause for signal debasement. Most of the signal Restoration algorithms by and large require some a priori information in order to reconstruct the signal. The a priori information in blind deconvolution is estimated utilizing the maximal likeliness appraisal method. The above discussed two methods autumn under 2nd order statistics. These methods suffer from non minimal stage job. To get the better of the job high order statistic method is approached. The high order statistic methods exploit the belongingss of cumulants and polyceptra as mentione d in chapter -4. Execution of this method depends on the cognition of high order cumulants of the involved signal. Third order statistics based method is the particular instance out of the High Order statics, enables to [ 28 ] , Operate under high signal to Noise ratio, Operate expeditiously under the noise environments Continue the exact non minimal stage. It is clear that the conventional deconvolution techniques can non supply a high declaration end product when applied for thin signals. Transform-domain supersonic signal processing techniques were developed to find the defects in thin multilayered construction. In all these methods broadband supersonic signals were used, which are analysed in the clip or frequence spheres. These signals are normally clip limited or band-limited. The time-domain processing techniques can be confounding when the signals are distorted or the reverberations overlapped. The frequency-domain processing techniques are non suited when the defects are close to the surface or the reverberations overlapped [ 34 ] . So the hunt for dependable techniques is demanded. To obtain utile information about the concealed defects, time-frequency signal representation is developed. Thus L1 NORM DECONVOLUTION produce a high declaration end product even applied for thin signals. The time-frequency sphere methods such as WA VELET TRANSFORM, MATCHING PURSUIT and SPARSE DECONVOLUTION will bring forth high declaration coefficient of reflection map from thin signals.Ripples Transform:Ripples is a quickly germinating signal processing technique because of their localisation parametric quantities that adapt better to the signal features than the traditional Fourier transform. Applications range in many Fieldss such as, geophysical sciences, mathematics, and theoretical natural philosophies and in communicating. There are different types of ripple transform method, Continuous ripple transform, Daubechies wavelet transform Gabor transform. Discrete ripple transform The ripple transform is defined in the footings of footing maps obtained by switching and dilation [ 39 ] . It is found that Gabor transform to be the most suited method to supply information in clip frequence sphere. Wavelet transform is the correlativity between the signal and a set of basic ripple. The information presented in this subdivision is collected form mentions [ 39, 40, 85, 86 ] . In ripple transform an square integrable female parent ripple H ( T ) is chosen to analyze a specific signal. Number of daughter ripples ha, B ( T ) is generated from the female parent ripple H ( T ) by dilation and displacement belongingss. The ripple sequence W ( a, B ) of the signal ten ( T ) are given by, W_s ( a, B ) = ? _ ( -8 ) ^8? s ( T ) ? h^* ? _ ( a, B ) ( T ) ? dt = s ( T ) ? 1/va h^* ( t/a ) Where the girl ripple map is given by, h_ ( a, B ) ( T ) = a^ ( 1/2 ) .h ( ( t-b ) /a ) This is the basic ripple transform theoretical account. This theoretical account can be used to observe the pulsation and suppression of noise. Using this ripple transform technique the signal is represented in time-frequency sphere. For the appraisal of the daughter signal see [ 39 ] . One of the advantages of the ripple transform is the sub set filtrating that decomposes a signal into different frequence sets. The signal is divided in to estimate and item coefficient such as, A1 and D1 for the first degree decomposition so these are decomposed in to A2 and D2. It repeats this process until the degree reaches the upper limit that is limited by m where the entire information is 2m. The decomposition is represented by Discrete Wavelet Transform ( DWT ) in figure.